Definition: difference in pitch between two sounds.
Interval Sizes
A tone the interval of two semitones.
Examples of tones (whole steps)
the notes C and D are two letter notes apart and so is an interval of a 2nd.
C and E they are three letter notes apart and so this interval is a 3rd.
C – E is a 3rd
C to F are four letter notes apart and so would be a 4th.
C – F is a 4th
This pattern continues in the same manner.
etc....
Unison Interval
We can also have intervals that are the same note.
Major Intervals
If it’s a 4th, 5th or an 8ve, then it will be a perfect interval, if it’s another interval then it will be a major interval.
Here’s C major scale with the major intervals marked:
Major intervals
This is the case for every major scale, not just C major.
If the lower note is the tonic and the upper note is in the major scale, it will always either be a major or perfect interval.
Minor Interval
A minor interval has one less half step than a major interval.
Seconds, thirds, sixths, and sevenths can be major intervals or minor intervals. The minor interval is always a half-step smaller than the major interval.
Perfect Intervals
To be a perfect interval the upper note has to be in the major scale of the lower note.
If the interval is a 4th, 5th or 8ve and isn’t in the major scale, then it’s not a perfect interval.
For example C to F# is a 4th but is not a perfect 4th as F# is not in C major scale.
It is also not a perfect fourth because, it's an augmented 4th.
Augmented vs Diminished Intervals
If an interval is a half-step larger than a perfect or a major interval, it is called augmented. An interval that is a half-step smaller than a perfect or a minor interval is called diminished. A double sharp or double flat is sometimes needed to write an augmented or diminished interval correctly.
an invention is a contrapuntal work most usually written for two or three voices. A fugue uses a bridge to connect entries of the subject and answer in the exposition and the points of limitation are at the level of the dominant or at the octave, depending on whether the entrance is the answer or the subject. Fortspinning is passages characterized by by continuous motion, unequal phrase lengths, sequences, and elided phrases A real answer is the 2nd entry in a fugue when the subject is transposed exactly, without changing interval size. Image explaining a piece of Bach's Invention 1-credit: Bach's Invention 1: Step-by-Step Analysis- School of Composition Image carefully explaining this fugue- credit: fugue-Music Theory Academy Video explaining what a fugue is Video explaining g=how to listen to fugues
Modal Mixture The "mixing" or "borrowing" of parallel modes from each other is known as modal mixture. Mixture mostly happens in major keys. When the bIII and bVII chords are "borrowed" from the parallel minor scale. Common mixtures are those that include a flat 6th. Modal mixture, is when one or more chords from the parallel minor is used in the piece. Here is an example explaining the use of and incorporation of multiple modes over one chord This video above defines modal mixture.
Fourth Species Counterpoint the counterpoint line and cantus firmus both move only once every bar Counterpoint line and cactus firmus are rhythmically offset from each other by a half note . ( syncopation used ) counterpoint line is written with only half notes, with each weak-beat half note tied across t...
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